You don’t lose chicks because the “batch was bad.” You lose them because the first seven days are unforgiving, and the smallest mistake snowballs fast. That’s the real reason chicks die young. They don’t have the strength to survive sloppy hygiene, confused temperatures, or late feeding. Their bodies are racing to build organs, immune systems, and bones - all at the same time. Anything that stresses them in those first hours knocks the whole system off balance. Here’s what matters. Hygiene is the quiet killer in most farms. A brooder that looks clean to your eyes might still carry bacteria your chicks can’t fight. Wet litter, reused bags, dirty drinkers, dusty corners - everything adds up. A chick touches the floor, pecks the floor, drinks from the floor, and swallows whatever lives there. If your brooding area isn’t cleaner than your kitchen counter, you’re giving pathogens a head start. Then there’s temperature. Chicks aren’t born with a thermostat. They borrow yours. Too hot, and ...

Ammonia is the silent troublemaker in a poultry house. You don’t see it, but your birds feel it. Watery eyes, slow growth, noisy breathing and that harsh smell that tells you something is already going wrong. Here’s what matters. Ammonia doesn’t rise because your birds are “stubborn” or because the season is bad. It rises because moisture, poor airflow, and wet litter create the perfect gas factory. Fix those three for your birds breathe easier and grow better. Let’s break down five practical ways to keep ammonia low without spending your whole profit. First, open up that house. Ventilation is your strongest weapon. Fresh air dilutes ammonia faster than any product on the shelf. Even in cold weather, you need controlled airflow. Small gaps, lifted curtains, a simple vent window — anything that keeps stale air moving out and fresh air coming in. Second, don’t let your litter stay wet. Wet litter is ammonia’s home base. Turn it. Break crusts. Replace patches that are soaked. If you can f...

Every farmer asks this, but the answer isn’t inside some miracle supplement. It’s hidden in the quiet partnership between protein and energy. When those two fall out of balance, your birds eat plenty but grow like they’re dragging their feet. When they line up perfectly, feed turns into muscle with almost no waste. That’s the sweet spot we’re chasing. Here’s what matters. Broilers grow on two currencies: protein for muscle and energy for everything else. If the feed has too much energy and not enough protein, the birds store fat instead of building meat. If it has plenty of protein but low energy, the birds burn the protein just to stay alive. Either way, you pay for feed that never becomes weight. A balanced diet solves that headache. You want enough energy to fuel the bird’s metabolism, and enough protein—especially digestible amino acids—to build breast, thighs, and drumsticks. When both match the bird’s growth stage, your feed conversion suddenly behaves like it should. Let me ex...

You can almost feel it when your birds aren’t performing the way they should. They’re eating, but something is missing. Growth feels slow. Immunity feels shaky. Stress creeps in quietly. And here’s the twist most farmers never see coming: the answer might already be in your kitchen. Herbs that many people ignore - cloves, garlic, ginger, cinnamon can flip the entire energy of a flock. Not superstition, not trial and error but real plant power with real results. Cloves Cloves act like tiny guardians in your birds’ gut. The eugenol inside them fights off harmful microbes and steadies digestion. Birds start converting feed better, and you can literally see the difference in their body weight. Use 0.5 to 1 gram per kilo of feed for chicks, up to 2 grams for older birds, or boil a clove or two per liter of water a few times a week. Garlic Garlic brings that bold hit of allicin—strong enough to lift immunity and help birds hold their ground during disease pressure. Crush one clove per lite...

Many farmers swear by bitter leaf and neem as natural health boosters for poultry. They’re right, both plants are packed with compounds that fight disease and support immunity. But here’s where most people go wrong: mixing them together like a herbal cocktail. That combination might do more harm than good. Let’s quickly unpack it. Bitter Leaf (Vernonia amygdalina) This plant is a natural detoxifier. It flushes out toxins, improves appetite, and supports liver function which are all crucial for growth and feed conversion. Its bitter compounds also help control coccidiosis and intestinal worms when used moderately. Think of it as a gentle cleanser that helps your birds stay sharp and eat well. Neem (Azadirachta indica) Neem is tougher medicine. It’s antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, and antiparasitic. Farmers use neem tea or soaked leaves to control infections like Newcastle or bacterial diarrhea. It strengthens the immune system and repels insects naturally. But it’s also very poten...

If you have ever wondered how to naturally boost your flock’s health, cloves might be the little powerhouse you’ve been overlooking. Not just a kitchen spice, cloves pack a punch in poultry farming and your birds will thank you. What Makes Cloves Special? Cloves contain eugenol , a compound with antibacterial , antiviral , and antioxidant properties . That’s a fancy way of saying cloves help fight infections, reduce gut stress, and even improve digestion. In practical terms, healthy guts mean better feed absorption, stronger immunity, and more vigorous growth for your birds. Key Benefits for Your Flock: • Improved immunity: Cloves help ward off common infections naturally. • Better digestion: Stimulates enzyme activity and gut health. • Enhanced growth: Healthier birds eat better and convert feed more efficiently. • Natural antimicrobial support: Reduces risks from harmful bacteria in the water and feed. How to Use Cloves in Poultry: 1. In Feed: Crush or grind the cloves into a fine ...

Aspergillosis is a life-threatening fungal disease occurring in birds of all ages, though it is extremely dangerous for chicks. Aspergillosis is caused by the fungus Aspergillus fumigatus and other species like it and thrives where there is damp, moldy litter, feed, or poorly ventilated poultry housing. Causes • Contaminated feed and water. • Stale bedding or litter materials (wood shavings, straw). • Poor ventilation and damp housing conditions. • Breathing fungal spores that settle into the respiratory tract. Symptoms • Chest tightness or pressure. • Gurgling or rattling sounds within the chest. • Loss of appetite and stunted growth. • Listlessness and ruffled feathers. • High chick mortality. Prevention • Use dry, clean litter and non-moldy feed. • Provide adequate ventilation for poultry houses. • Regularly disinfect poultry equipment and houses. • Avoid overcrowding of birds. • Provide proper nutrition to boost immunity. Treatment There is no very effective cure when...

Colibacillosis is one of the most common bacterial diseases in poultry, caused by Escherichia coli (E. coli). It can affect broilers, layers, and breeders, leading to significant economic losses due to poor growth, reduced egg production, and increased mortality. It can be transmitted horizontally through feces, dust, water, and feed or vertically infected breeders through eggs. Causes of Colibacillosis Causative Agent: Avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC). Predisposing Factors are: • Poor hygiene and contaminated litter, feed, or water. • Poor ventilation and high ammonia levels. • Overcrowding and stress. • Concurrent infections (Newcastle Disease, Infectious Bronchitis, Mycoplasmosis). • Wounds (pecking injuries, infected navels in chicks). Symptoms of Colibacillosis The clinical signs of colibacillosis are: • Loss of appetite (poor feed intake) • Depression, dullness, ruffled feathers • Reduced growth and poor feed conversion in broilers • Drop in egg production in layers •...

Bird flu (Avian influenza) top the list of most deadly viral diseases challenging the poultry industry. It has the incubation period of 2 to 7 days and capable of wiping the entire flock before you can even contact a veterinary doctor, if care is not taken. Bird flu is caused by Type A viruses which are commonly found in wild birds like waterfowl. A wild bird can be a carrier of bird flu without being sick but once it is spread to domestic birds and Psittacines like parrot, the impact is often fatal. Another danger of it is that it can be transmitted from infected birds to human being. Causes Of Bird Flu The disease is caused by viruses that belong to the family Orthomyxoviridae . The viruses have two surface proteins; haemagglutinin and neuraminidase which determine their subtype and the animal species they infect. There are 16 haemagglutinin and 9 neuraminidase types. When viruses of the two haemagglutinin types (H5 and H7) infect domestic poultry, they often mutate and virulen...

Chicks are newly hatched chickens. Chicks must be kept in a warm and safe environment. A child’s wading pool is a good choice for brooding Turkeys , Broilers , Layers , Cockerels , Noilers and even Ducks as such a place can be easily cleaned and have no corner that can cause chicks pile up and stampede of one another. Brooding is a crucial point in the bird's growth and development, it also helps in boosting bird's immunity against diseases. Failed brooding promotes stunted growth and spread of poultry infections. Before the chicks arrival, you need to need to determine the space requirement. The feed and space requirements is based on the type of the bird, be it Broiler , Noiler , Layer , Cockerel or Turkey . The next step is to clean and disinfect the space, other facilities like drinkers, feeders, buckets thoroughly with detergent and disinfectant. You need to evenly fill the brooder with few inches of wood shavings or cob litter but never use saw dust, it cont...

Spices are useful in our day to day activities especially for cooking of food. Only few people know that these spices can also be used to cure certain ailments in the poultry flock. It simply means that you cannot only cook your chicken with spices but also use the same spices to treat certain poultry infections. Ginger, pepper, salt, garlic, aloe vera, turmeric and sour milk are just among the food and spices that are medicinal in nature. They are therefore essentially required by farmers practising organic farming. Below are some medicinal spices and their ethno-veterinary importance: 1.) Garlic Garlic is a family of onions. It boosts birds' immunity, fights respiratory diseases and also produces sulphur in the body. It can therefore kill external parasites because the sulphur in the chicken's blood will overpower the parasites. Just add 3 cloves of garlic to 5 litres of water or a pinch or two of powdered garlic in dry feeds everyday. 2.) Ginger Ginger has antiviral...

Noilers are basically raised for meat production although they can also lay eggs. In short, The Noiler birds are dual purpose breed of chicken developed in Nigeria by a famous hatchery; Amo Farm Sieberer Hatchery. They are similar to the chicken breed known as “Kuroiler” said to have been developed in India and already introduced to Ugandan poultry farmers. Their meat is tougher than that of broiler but not up to that of local chicken. They are multi coloured birds unlike broilers which are mainly white. Noilers are perfect for rural communities and urban. They are specially suitable for rural communities; small backyard farmers and can address the challenges of animal food insecurity. The economic importance is in their ability to solve  financial problems because they are profitable when the farmers involve in commercial noiler farming. Below are the additional features of noiler birds: 1. Appearance : They are birds of various colours; black, white, yellow with black stripe...

As earlier discussed in our previous Article - Noiler Feed And Space Requirements , noilers are hybrid of cockerel and broiler which are capable of reaching table size (mature) within four months. Noiler birds can also mature before four (4) months depending on certain factors like biosecurity, stock density, air quality, feed quantity and quality. In this article, we are to discuss noiler health management in the aspect of medication and vaccination program. Below is the health management schedule for noiler: Day 1: Multivitamins (to ease transportation stress) Day 2-4: Antibiotics, Multivitamins in the afternoon Day 5-8: Anticoccidiosis, clean water in the afternoon Day 9: Multivitamins Day 10: LaSota vaccine (plus skimmed milk) Day 11: Multivitamins, clean water in the afternoon Day 12-15: Antibiotics, clean water or multivitamins depending on the weather condition Day 16: Multivitamins Day 17: Gumboro vaccine (plus skimmed milk) Day 18: Multivitamins Day 28: L...

Just like any other business, poultry farming needs certain requirements for optimum business operation. There are several ways of classifying amenities for poultry farming depending on the type of farming, nature/cost of requirement and farmer's point of view. It can be classified based on importance as BASIC and ADDITIONAL facility or based on cost as FIXED and VARIABLE cost. However it is being classified, certain inputs are more important than others. Classification Of Poultry Facility a) Based On Nature/Cost i.) Fixed cost: These are the inputs that once they are obtained, they can be used for a long period of time without replacement but only need to be maintained. Typical example of such requirements are land, poultry house, feeders, drinkers, cages, electrical wiring and gadgets etc.  ii.) Variable cost: They are the farm inputs that are recurrent i.e they cannot be used for very long period of time but need to be purchase at the beginning of every stocking op...

Noilers are basically raised for meat even though they also lay eggs. Their meat is tougher than that of broiler but not as that of local chicken. Noilers are multi coloured compared to broilers which are mainly white and the pullets that are mostly brown. As at now, Noilers can only be found (as Amo Noiler) at the Amo farm located in Awe area of Oyo in Oyo State. a) Feed Requirement Amo Noiler feed on the same feeds used for other birds but were limited to chickmash and grower mash. The birds eat more than other breeds but they are good converters of feeds because the weight is higher than that of cockerel at maturity. There are Male and Female lines of Amo Noiler. The females start laying from the 17th week which means, for optimum performance, they have to be separated from male line by 10th week (70 days). Hence, their feeding programs are slightly different. The feeding program is highlighted below based on the gender line: i) Males 0-28 days: Broiler starter 29-70 days: Gr...

A chicken’s spurs, claws, and beak are made of keratin; the same substance as your finger and toenails. This make them grow continually. Chickens in extensive system have their claws and beaks naturally wear down as they grow. But for intensive or backyard system, sometimes chicken beaks and claws grow too long and need to be trimmed. A rooster’s spurs, too, can grow too long for the bird’s comfort or safety. Beak Trimming Beak is used by chickens to gather food, explore and manipulating objects in the environment. Beak is also used for preening, nesting and engaging in social interactions. A chicken beak that grows improperly interferes with the chicken’s ability to eat and enjoy other activities necessary for its well-being. Chicken beak trimming is not the same as debeaking which refers to cutting so much from a beak that it remains permanently short to prevent cannibalism. How To Trim Your Chicken’s Beak * Wrap your chicken in a towel. This should keep them calm an...

One of the major challenges in poultry business is disease/infection of the birds. It negatively affect the growth, development and even farmer's profit. Poultry are kept for various reasons like being a source of meat, income and job opportunity. It can be kept by anyone, even in your backyards. Poultry disease is not only caused by pathogens. There are other important factors that should be properly attended to. The factors are MANAGEMENT, ENVIRONMENT and CHICKEN BREED. Healthy birds eat less feed and produce more meat and eggs. They are not only cost effective but also less trouble to cater for. Spread Of Diseases Poultry diseases spread quickly as the birds are kept together in a chicken house or cage. They share things like feeders and water bowls together which can spread infection from sick birds to healthy ones. As earlier said, factors that can contribute to poultry diseases are Management, Environment and Chicken breed. Let's now discuss the factors one after...

The two major types of poultry dropping are normal and abnormal poops. Although, the chicken droppings (poops) can vary in shapes, colours, textures and even odour. The Main factor that contribute to that may be as a result of diet in their feeds or diseases/infections. The atmospheric conditions may be a collaborating factor as chicken drink more water in hot weather which can make their droppings watery. By close observation, one will be able to determine if there is health problem among the birds. This may not be 100% accurate but it majorly gives insight of necessary steps to take in poultry health management. This article will be helpful in analysis of normal droppings according to the diet and other factors for you not worry unnecessarily. Normal dropping is of shade of brown, solid with a small covered white on top. The solid part is the feaces while the white part is the uric acid (urine). Other colours of droppings may range from brown to green, yellow, black, blue, orange, wa...

Poultry diarrhea which is also known as scours or dirty vent can affect all poultry animals. In the infected birds, the stool or droppings of the chickens are not firm but very loose, watery, not of the normal colour, may contain blood and this may cause the feathers of the vent to be soiled and caked together. Signs in sick chickens    • Depression.  • Reluctance to eat, drink and move.   • Poor growth.  • Death.  The following signs may be noticed in dead chickens are: • Poor condition.  • The intestines may be red and swollen and the contents watery.  • There may also be a yellow butter-like substance around the heart, liver and intestines. Causes There are many different types of organisms that can cause diarrhoea, which include: • Bacteria (Salmonella, E. coli, Pasteurella) • Viruses (Newcastle disease, gumboro disease) • Parasites (coccidiosis, worms) • Fungi (Candida, Aspergillus) Treatment 1. Use an anti...

One of the discouraging factors in poultry business is early mortality in birds or chickens. One gets confused to lose 3 of 10 acquired birds within a day or two. One will be imagining what could happen in the next four to five days. What is early mortality? What are its effects and preventive measures? There are about eight causes and preventive measures of early mortality in birds as discussed below: #1. Antibiotic Injection Early chick mortality is resulted from e-coli and staphylococcal infections. This can be prevented by given Gentamicin at day old. Most hatcheries give vaccination against Marek disease to their chicks at day old. #2. Temperature Management Temperature regulation is essential for chicks, specifically in their first 3 weeks. Chicks will need warmth till about 4 weeks. Heat may be required or not after 4 weeks depending on the environmental conditions.    High brooding temperature can cause dehydration when about 10% out of the 70% of water i...