Fowl Cholera (Pasteurellosis)

Fowl Cholera is a serious, highly contagious bacterial disease that affect a range of avian species like chickens, turkeys, and water fowl. It may be acute with sudden death. The route of infection is oral or nasal with transmission via nasal exudate, faeces, contaminated soil, equipment, and people.  Other names are Avian Pasteurellosis and Avian Hemorrhagic Septicemia.

Cause
Fowl cholera is caused by the bacterium Pasteurella multocida. The incubation period is usually 5-8 days. The bacterium is easily destroyed by environmental factors and disinfectants, but may persist for prolonged periods in soil and other carriers like rodents, cats and pigs. Predisposing factors include high density and concurrent infections such as Upper Respiratory Disease.

Symptoms
a) Affected birds may show symptoms including:
* fever
* bluish discolouration of the skin, wattle and comb (cyanosis)
* loss of appetite
* ruffled feathers
* mucous discharge from the mouth
* green watery diarrhoea
* respiratory difficulty
* sudden death
b) Signs of chronic infection are localised swelling in the joints, foot pads, eyes and throat. Mortality rates of 5–20% are fairly common in the early stages of disease and may even reach as high as 45%. As the disease becomes chronic, mortality may drop to 2–5% a month.

Treatment
* Sulphonamides, tetracyclines, erythromycin, streptomycin, penicillin are some of its medications. The disease often recurs after medication is stopped, necessitating long-term or periodic medication.
* Vaccination for fowl cholera may provide protection after laboratory confirmation. However, there are a number of different serovars of the bacterium P. multocida. That is why you need to consult a veterinary doctor for guidance.

Preventions
Biosecurity, good rodent control, hygiene, bacterins at 8 and 12 weeks, live oral vaccine at 6 weeks are some of the preventive measures against fowl cholera. Read more Here.

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Cited Works
1.) http://www.thepoultrysite.com/diseaseinfo/61/fowl-cholera-pasteurellosis/
2.)https://www.business.qld.gov.au/industries/farms-fishing-forestry/agriculture/livestock/animal-welfare/pests-diseases-disorders/fowl-cholera
3.) https://artibfarm.blogspot.com/2018/07/upper-respiratory-diseases.html

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